Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 2
Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students
Authors:
Kadir Demirci Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta,, Turkey

Search for other papers by Kadir Demirci in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Mehmet Akgönül Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta,, Turkey

Search for other papers by Mehmet Akgönül in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Abdullah Akpinar Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta,, Turkey

Search for other papers by Abdullah Akpinar in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Pages:
85–92
Online Publication Date:
Jun 2015
Publication Date:
01 Jun 2015
Article Category:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
Open access

Background and aims

The usage of smartphones has increased rapidly in recent years, and this has brought about addiction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone use severity and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students.

Methods

In total, 319 university students (203 females and 116 males; mean age = 20.5 ± 2.45) were included in the study. Participants were divided into the following three groups: a smartphone non-user group (n = 71, 22.3%), a low smartphone use group (n = 121, 37.9%), and a high smartphone use group (n = 127, 39.8%). All participants were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory; moreover, participants other than those in the smartphone non-user group were also assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale.

Results

The findings revealed that the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males. Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the high smartphone use group than in the low smartphone use group. Positive correlations were found between the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores and depression levels, anxiety levels, and some sleep quality scores.

Conclusions

The results indicate that depression, anxiety, and sleep quality may be associated with smartphone overuse. Such overuse may lead to depression and/or anxiety, which can in turn result in sleep problems. University students with high depression and anxiety scores should be carefully monitored for smartphone addiction.

  • Adams, S. K. & Kisler, T. S. (2013). Sleep quality as a mediator between technology-related sleep quality, depression, and anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(1), 25–30

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Agargun, M. Y., Kara, H. & Anlar, Ö. (1996). Validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in Turkish sample. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 107–115

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Altman, D. G. & Royston, P. (2006). The cost of dichotomizing continuous variables. BMJ, 332(7549), 1080

  • An, J., Sun, Y., Wan, Y., Chen, J., Wang, X. & Tao, F. (2014). Associations between problematic Internet use and adolescents’ physical and psychological symptoms: Possible role of sleep quality. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8(4), 282–287

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Arora, T., Broglia, E., Thomas, G. N. & Taheri, S. (2014). Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Medicine, 15(2), 240–247

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G. & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. & Erbaugh, J. K. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Buysse, D. J., Reynolds III, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R. & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cain, N. & Gradisar, M. (2010). Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review. Sleep Medicine, 11(8), 735–742

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Canan, F., Yildirim, O., Sinani, G., Ozturk, O., Ustunel, T. Y. & Ataoglu, A. (2013). Internet addiction and sleep disturbance symptoms among Turkish high school students. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 11(3), 210–213

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Cheung, L. M. & Wong, W. S. (2011). The effects of insomnia and Internet addiction on depression in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents: An exploratory cross‐sectional analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(2), 311–317

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., Coskun, K. S., Ugurlu, H. & Yildirim, F. G. (2013). Relationship of Internet addiction severity with depression, anxiety, and alexithymia, temperament and character in university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16(4), 272–278

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpınar, A. & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a younger population. Bulletinof Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226–234

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Dworak, M., Schierl, T., Bruns, T. & Strüder, H. K. (2007). Impact of singular excessive computer game and television exposure on sleep patterns and memory performance of school-aged children. Pediatrics, 120(5), 978–985

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Fossum, I. N., Nordnes, L. T., Storemark, S. S., Bjorvatn, B. & Pallesen, S. (2014). The association between use of electronic media in bed before going to sleep and insomnia symptoms, daytime sleepiness, morningness, and chronotype. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 12(5), 343–357

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y. & Maeda, A. (2005). Effects of playing a computer game using a bright display on presleep physiological variables, sleep latency, slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Journal of Sleep Research, 14(3), 267–273

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Higuchi, S., Motohashi, Y., Liu, Y., Ahara, M. & Kaneko, Y. (2003). Effects of VDT tasks with a bright display at night on melatonin, core temperature, heart rate, and sleepiness. Journalof Applied Physiology, 94(5), 1773–1776

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hisli, N. (1989). Reliability and validity of Beck Depression Inventory among university students. Journal of Turkish Psychology, 7, 3–13

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Huber, R., Treyer, V., Borbely, A. A., Schuderer, J., Gottselig, J. M., Landolt, H. P., Werth, E., Berthold, T., Kuster, N., Buck, A. & Achermann, P. (2002). Electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, alter regional cerebral blood flow and sleep and waking EEG. Journal of Sleep Research, 11(4), 289–295

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Hwang, K. H., Yoo, Y. S. & Cho, O. H. (2012). Smartphone overuse and upper extremity pain, anxiety, depression, and interpersonal relationships among college students. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 12(10), 365–375

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • International Data Corporation (IDC). (2013). Third quarter report 2013. Retrieved from http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24418013

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kim, H. (2013). Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6), 500–505

  • Kuss, D. J. & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528–3552

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H. & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PloS One, 8(12), e83558

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H. & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PloS One, 8(2), e56936

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lam, L. T. (2014). Risk factors of Internet addiction and the health effect of Internet addiction on adolescents: A systematic review of longitudinal and prospective studies. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 1–9

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lee, H., Ahn, H., Choi, S. & Choi, W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and Verification. Journalof Medical Systems, 38(1), 1–10

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F. & Grob, A. (2014). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1–14

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Loughran, S. P., Wood, A. W., Barton, J. M., Croft, R. J., Thompson, B. & Stough, C. (2005). The effect of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human sleep. Neuroreport, 16(17), 1973–1976

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J. & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Medienpädagogischer Forschungsverbund Südwest. (2013). JIM 2013. Jugend, Information, (Multi-) Media. Basisstudie zum Medienumgang 12- bis 19-Jähriger in Deutschland

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Meena, P. S., Mittal, P. K. & Solanki, R. K. (2012). Problematic use of social networking sites among urban school going teenagers. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 21(2), 94

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Mok, J. Y., Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Lee, J., Ahn, H., Choi, E. J. & Song, W. Y. (2014). Latent class analysis on Internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 817–827

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • NSF. (2011). Depression and sleep. Arlington, VA: National Sleep Foundation

  • Park, N. & Lee, H. (2012). Social implications of smartphone use: Korean college students’ smartphone use and psychological well-being. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 491–497

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Park, S. (2014). Associations of physical activity with sleep satisfaction, perceived stress, and problematic Internet use in Korean adolescents. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1143

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Roberts, J. A., Yaya, L. H. P. & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254–265

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Smith, A. (2013). Smartphone ownership—2013 update. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center

  • Song, H. K., Jeong, M. H., Sung, D. J., Jung, J. K., Choi, J. S., Jang, Y. L. & Lee, J. S. (2010). Internet addiction in adolescents and its relation to sleep and depression. Sleep Medicineand Psychophysiology, 17(2), 100–108

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • South Korea National Information Society Agency. (2011). Internet Addiction Survey 2011. Seoul: National Information Society Agency, pp. 118–119

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thadani, D. R. & Cheung, C. (2011, January). Online social network dependency: Theoretical development and testing of competing models. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 1–9). IEEE

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Thomée, S., Härenstam, A. & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults — a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 66

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H. & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties. Journal Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12, 28–35

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Willemse, I., Waller, G., Süss, D., Genner, S. & Huber, A.-L. (2012). JAMES — Jugend, Aktivitäten, Medien — Erhebung Schweiz. Zürich: Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

  • Wood, A. W., Loughran, S. P. & Stough, C. (2006). Does evening exposure to mobile phone radiation affect subsequent melatonin production?. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 82(2), 69–76

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cover Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Print ISSN:
2062-5871
Online ISSN:
2063-5303
The author instruction is available in PDF.
Please, download the file from HERE

Dr. Zsolt Demetrovics
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
Address: Izabella u. 46. H-1064 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: +36-1-461-2681
E-mail: jba@ppk.elte.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Web of Science [Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch®)
  • Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
  • Social Sciences Citation Index®
  • Journal Citation Reports/ Social Sciences Edition
  • Current Contents®/Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • EBSCO
  • GoogleScholar
  • PsycINFO
  • PubMed Central
  • SCOPUS
  • Medline
  • CABI
  • CABELLS Journalytics

2022  
Web of Science  
Total Cites
WoS		 5713
Journal Impact Factor 7.8
Rank by Impact Factor

Psychiatry (SCIE) 18/155
Psychiatry (SSCI) 13/144
Impact Factor
without
Journal Self Cites		 7.2
5 Year
Impact Factor		 8.9
Journal Citation Indicator 1.42
Rank by Journal Citation Indicator

Psychiatry 35/264
Scimago  
Scimago
H-index		 69
Scimago
Journal Rank		 1.918
Scimago Quartile Score Clinical Psychology Q1
Medicine (miscellaneous) Q1
Psychiatry and Mental Health Q1
Scopus  
Scopus
Cite Score		 11.1
Scopus
Cite Score Rank		 Clinical Psychology 10/292 (96th PCTL)
Psychiatry and Mental Health 30/531 (94th PCTL)
Medicine (miscellaneous) 25/309 (92th PCTL)
Scopus
SNIP		 1.966

 

 
2021  
Web of Science  
Total Cites
WoS		 5223
Journal Impact Factor 7,772
Rank by Impact Factor Psychiatry SCIE 26/155
Psychiatry SSCI 19/142
Impact Factor
without
Journal Self Cites		 7,130
5 Year
Impact Factor		 9,026
Journal Citation Indicator 1,39
Rank by Journal Citation Indicator

Psychiatry 34/257
Scimago  
Scimago
H-index		 56
Scimago
Journal Rank		 1,951
Scimago Quartile Score Clinical Psychology (Q1)
Medicine (miscellaneous) (Q1)
Psychiatry and Mental Health (Q1)
Scopus  
Scopus
Cite Score		 11,5
Scopus
CIte Score Rank		 Clinical Psychology 5/292 (D1)
Psychiatry and Mental Health 20/529 (D1)
Medicine (miscellaneous) 17/276 (D1)
Scopus
SNIP		 2,184

2020  
Total Cites 4024
WoS
Journal
Impact Factor		 6,756
Rank by Psychiatry (SSCI) 12/143 (Q1)
Impact Factor Psychiatry 19/156 (Q1)
Impact Factor 6,052
without
Journal Self Cites
5 Year 8,735
Impact Factor
Journal  1,48
Citation Indicator  
Rank by Journal  Psychiatry 24/250 (Q1)
Citation Indicator   
Citable 86
Items
Total 74
Articles
Total 12
Reviews
Scimago 47
H-index
Scimago 2,265
Journal Rank
Scimago Clinical Psychology Q1
Quartile Score Psychiatry and Mental Health Q1
  Medicine (miscellaneous) Q1
Scopus 3593/367=9,8
Scite Score  
Scopus Clinical Psychology 7/283 (Q1)
Scite Score Rank Psychiatry and Mental Health 22/502 (Q1)
Scopus 2,026
SNIP  
Days from  38
submission  
to 1st decision  
Days from  37
acceptance  
to publication  
Acceptance 31%
Rate  

2019  
Total Cites
WoS		 2 184
Impact Factor 5,143
Impact Factor
without
Journal Self Cites		 4,346
5 Year
Impact Factor		 5,758
Immediacy
Index		 0,587
Citable
Items		 75
Total
Articles		 67
Total
Reviews		 8
Cited
Half-Life		 3,3
Citing
Half-Life		 6,8
Eigenfactor
Score		 0,00597
Article Influence
Score		 1,447
% Articles
in
Citable Items		 89,33
Normalized
Eigenfactor		 0,7294
Average
IF
Percentile		 87,923
Scimago
H-index		 37
Scimago
Journal Rank		 1,767
Scopus
Scite Score		 2540/376=6,8
Scopus
Scite Score Rank		 Cllinical Psychology 16/275 (Q1)
Medicine (miscellenous) 31/219 (Q1)
Psychiatry and Mental Health 47/506 (Q1)
Scopus
SNIP		 1,441
Acceptance
Rate		 32%

 

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 990 EUR/article for articles submitted after 30 April 2023 (850 EUR for articles submitted prior to this date)
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%.
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation		 2011
Volumes
per Year		 1
Issues
per Year		 4
Founder Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Founder's
Address		 H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address		 H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher		 Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2062-5871 (Print)
ISSN 2063-5303 (Online)

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zsolt DEMETROVICS

Assistant Editor(s): Csilla ÁGOSTON

Associate Editors

  • Stephanie ANTONS (Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Joel BILLIEUX (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
  • Beáta BŐTHE (University of Montreal, Canada)
  • Matthias BRAND (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Ruth J. van HOLST (Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands)
  • Daniel KING (Flinders University, Australia)
  • Gyöngyi KÖKÖNYEI (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Ludwig KRAUS (IFT Institute for Therapy Research, Germany)
  • Marc N. POTENZA (Yale University, USA)
  • Hans-Jurgen RUMPF (University of Lübeck, Germany)

Editorial Board

  • Max W. ABBOTT (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand)
  • Elias N. ABOUJAOUDE (Stanford University School of Medicine, USA)
  • Hojjat ADELI (Ohio State University, USA)
  • Alex BALDACCHINO (University of Dundee, United Kingdom)
  • Alex BLASZCZYNSKI (University of Sidney, Australia)
  • Judit BALÁZS (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Kenneth BLUM (University of Florida, USA)
  • Henrietta BOWDEN-JONES (Imperial College, United Kingdom)
  • Wim VAN DEN BRINK (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Gerhard BÜHRINGER (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
  • Sam-Wook CHOI (Eulji University, Republic of Korea)
  • Damiaan DENYS (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Jeffrey L. DEREVENSKY (McGill University, Canada)
  • Naomi FINEBERG (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
  • Marie GRALL-BRONNEC (University Hospital of Nantes, France)
  • Jon E. GRANT (University of Minnesota, USA)
  • Mark GRIFFITHS (Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom)
  • Anneke GOUDRIAAN (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Heather HAUSENBLAS (Jacksonville University, USA)
  • Tobias HAYER (University of Bremen, Germany)
  • Susumu HIGUCHI (National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan)
  • David HODGINS (University of Calgary, Canada)
  • Eric HOLLANDER (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA)
  • Jaeseung JEONG (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea)
  • Yasser KHAZAAL (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland)
  • Orsolya KIRÁLY (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Emmanuel KUNTSCHE (La Trobe University, Australia)
  • Hae Kook LEE (The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea)
  • Michel LEJOXEUX (Paris University, France)
  • Anikó MARÁZ (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany)
  • Giovanni MARTINOTTI (‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy)
  • Astrid MÜLLER  (Hannover Medical School, Germany)
  • Frederick GERARD MOELLER (University of Texas, USA)
  • Daniel Thor OLASON (University of Iceland, Iceland)
  • Nancy PETRY (University of Connecticut, USA)
  • Bettina PIKÓ (University of Szeged, Hungary)
  • Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR (Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)
  • József RÁCZ (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
  • Rory C. REID (University of California Los Angeles, USA)
  • Marcantanio M. SPADA (London South Bank University, United Kingdom)
  • Daniel SPRITZER (Study Group on Technological Addictions, Brazil)
  • Dan J. STEIN (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
  • Sherry H. STEWART (Dalhousie University, Canada)
  • Attila SZABÓ (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Ferenc TÚRY (Semmelweis University, Hungary)
  • Alfred UHL (Austrian Federal Health Institute, Austria)
  • Róbert URBÁN  (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Johan VANDERLINDEN (University Psychiatric Center K.U.Leuven, Belgium)
  • Alexander E. VOISKOUNSKY (Moscow State University, Russia)
  • Aviv M. WEINSTEIN  (Ariel University, Israel)
  • Kimberly YOUNG (Center for Internet Addiction, USA)

 

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Jun 2023 0 1005 862
Jul 2023 0 866 795
Aug 2023 0 753 641
Sep 2023 0 1372 966
Oct 2023 0 1750 1395
Nov 2023 0 1758 1570
Dec 2023 0 119 110