Behavioral addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine addiction.
In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of “new” behavioral addictions.
Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed.
We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of behavioral addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable behavioral addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Billieux, J., Deleuze, J., Griffiths, M. D. & Kuss, D. J. (2014). Internet gaming addiction: The case of massively multiplayer online role playing games. In N. El-Guebaly, M. Galanter & G. Carrá (Eds.), The textbook of addiction treatment: Internationalperspectives (pp. 1515–1525). New York: Springer.
Billieux, J., Philippot, P., Schmid, C., Maurage, P., de Mol, J. & van der Linden, M. (2014). Is dysfunctional use of the mobile phone a behavioural addiction? Confronting symptom-based versus process-based approaches. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. Epub ahead of print, doi: 10.1002/cpp.1910
Billieux, J., Thorens, G., Khazaal, Y., Zullino, D., Achab, S. & van der Linden, M. (2015). Problematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 242–250.
Billieux, J., van der Linden, M., Achab, S., Khazaal, Y., Paraskevopoulos, L., Zullino, D. & Thorens, G. (2013). Why do you play World of Warcraft? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 103–109.
Block, J. J. (2008). Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 306–307.
Chóliz, M. (2010). Mobile phone addiction: A point of issue. Addiction, 105, 373–374.
Clark, L. (2010). Decision-making during gambling: An integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 319.
Demetrovics, Z. & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Behavioral addictions: Past, present and future. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 1–2.
Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Zilahy, D., Mervó, B., Reindl, A., Ágoston, C., Kertés, A. & Harmath, E. (2011). Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ). Behavior ResearchMethods, 43, 814–825.
Dudley, R., Kuyken, W. & Padesky, C. A. (2011). Disorder specific and trans-diagnostic case conceptualisation. Clinical PsychologyReview, 31, 213–224.
Goodman, A. (1990). Addiction: Definition and implications. British Journal of Addiction, 85, 1403–1408.
Goudriaan, A. E., Oosterlaan, J., de Beurs, E. & van den Brink, W. (2006). Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: Acomparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome andnormal controls. Addiction, 101, 534–547.
Grant, J. E., Brewer, J. A. & Potenza, M. N. (2006). The neurobiology of substance and behavioral addictions. CNS Spectrum, 11, 924–930.
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354.
Kinderman, P. & Tai, S. (2007). Empirically grounded clinical interventions: Clinical implications of a psychological model of mental disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 1–14.
Ko, C.-H., Yen, J.-Y., Chen, S.-H., Wang, P.-W., Chen, C.-S. & Yen, C.-F. (2014). Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 53, 103–110.
Konkolÿ Thege, B., Woodin, E. M., Hodgins, D. C. & Williams, R. J. (2015). Natural course of behavioral addictions: A 5-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 4.
Marks, I. (1990). Behavioural (non-chemical) addictions. BritishJournal of Addiction, 85, 1389–1394.
McNally, R. J. (2011). What is mental illness? Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA.
Mihordin, R. (2012). Behavioral Addiction—Quo Vadis? The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200, 489–491.
Petry, M. N. & O’Brien, C. P. (2013). Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5. Addiction, 108, 1186–1187.
Potenza, M. N. (2008). The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: An overview and new findings. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 3181–3189.
Rehbein, F., Kliem, S., Baier, D., Mössle, T. & Petry, N. M. (2015). Prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder in German adolescents: Diagnostic contribution of the nine DSM-5 criteria in a statewide representative sample. Addiction. Epub ahead of print, doi: 10.111/add.12849
Schimmenti, A. & Caretti, V. (2010). Psychic retreats or psychic pits? Unbearable states of mind and technological addiction. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27, 115–132.
Schimmenti, A., Caretti, V. & La Barbera, D. (2014). Internet Gaming Disorder or Internet Addiction? A plea for conceptual clarity. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 11, 145–146.
Schimmenti, A., Guglielmucci, F., Barbasio, C. & Granieri, A. (2012). Attachment disorganization and dissociation in virtual worlds: A study on problematic Internet use among players of online role playing games. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 9, 195–202.
Slutske, W. S. (2006). Natural recovery and treatment-seeking in pathological gambling: Results of two US national surveys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 297–302.
Targhetta, R., Nalpas, B. & Perney, P. (2013). Argentine tango: Another behavioral addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 179–186.